Article Correction, Withdrawal, and Retraction

Article Correction

A Corrigendum is published to correct errors or omissions that do not affect the article's integrity or findings. It must be drafted by the authors, with the agreement of all authors.
In contrast, an Erratum is issued by the publisher to correct errors made during the publication process.

Article Withdrawal

Articles-in-Press may be withdrawn before final publication for reasons such as significant errors, accidental duplication, policy breaches, or editorial mistakes.<
When an article is withdrawn, its content is replaced with a withdrawal notification, including a link to the relevant policy.

Article Retraction

Articles may be retracted due to significant errors that impact the findings, violations of publication policies (e.g., plagiarism or unauthorized use of data), or serious ethical concerns.
In such cases, a retraction notice is published and linked to the original article. The original article remains accessible but is clearly marked as "Retracted".

Article Removal

Articles may be removed from the online archive in rare and exceptional circumstances, such as when the content is defamatory, subject to a court order, or poses serious health risks.
In these cases, the article metadata will be retained, but the full text will be replaced with a notice indicating that the article has been removed for legal reasons.
These policies aim to maintain the integrity of the scholarly record while addressing various issues that may arise during the publication process.